- abandon v. go away from (a person or thing or place) not intending to return; forsake; desert
- abstract adj. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existence
- academy n. school for special training
- access n. means of approaching or entering (a place); way in
- accommodate v. provide lodging or room for
- accompany v. walk or travel with (sb) as a companion or helper; escort
- accumulate v. gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get (sth) in this way
- accurate adj. free from error
- achieve v. gain or reach (sth), usu by effort, skill, courage, etc
- acknowledge v. accept the truth of admit (sth)
- acquire v. gain (sth) by one's own ability, efforts or behaviour
- adapt v. sth (for sth) make sth suitable for a new use, situation, etc; modify sth
- adequate adj. satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient
- adjacent adj. having a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or following
- adjust v. put (sth) into the correct order or position; arrange
- administrate v. to administer
- adult adj. grown to full size or strength
- advocate v. speak publicly in favour of (sth); recommend; support
- affect v. have an influence on (sb/sth); produce an effect on
- aggregate v. sb (fml ) be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount
- aid n. help
- albeit conj although
- allocate v. sth allot or assign sth (to sb/sth) for a special purpose
- alter v. become different; change in character, position, size, shape, etc
- alternative adj. available in place of sth else; other
- ambiguous adj. having more than one possible meaning
- amend v. correct an error in (sth); make minor improvements in; change slightly
- analogy n. partial similarity between two things that are compared
- analyse v. separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure
- annual adj. happening every year
- anticipate v. expect
- apparent adj. clearly seen or understood; obvious
- append v. sth (fml ) attach or add sth (esp in writing)
- appreciate v. understand and enjoy (sth); value highly
- approach v. come near or nearer to in space or time
- appropriate adj. suitable; right and proper
- approximate adj. almost correct or exact but not completely so
- arbitrary adj. based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reason
- area n. extent or measurement of a surface
- aspect n. particular part or feature of sth being considered
- assemble v. come together; collect
- assess v. sth decide or fix the amount of sth
- assign v. sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be used
- assist v. in/with sth; (sb) in doing sth (fml ) help
- assume v. accept as true before there is proof
- assure v. tell (sb) positively or confidently
- attach v. sth fasten or join sth (to sth)
- attain v. succeed in getting (sth); achieve
- attitude n. way of thinking or behaving
- attribute v. sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb/sth
- author n. writer of a book, play, etc
- authority n. power to give orders and make others obey
- automate v. cause to operate by automation
- available adj. that can be used or obtained
- aware adj. of sb/sth; that... having knowledge or realization of sb/sth
- behalf n. on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb; in the interest of sb
- benefit n. profit; gain; future good (used esp with the vs and preps shown)
- bias n. opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group or series; predisposition; prejudice
- bond n. written agreement or promise that has legal force; covenant
- brief adj. lasting only a short time; short
- bulk n. size, quantity or volume, esp when great
- capable adj. having ability; able; competent
- capacity n. ability to hold or contain sth
- category n. class or group of things in a complete system of grouping
- cease v. come or bring (sth) to an end; stop
- challenge n. (to do sth) invitation or call (to sb) to take part in a game, contest, fight etc to prove who is better, stronger, more able, etc
- channel n. sunken bed of a river, stream or canal
- chapter n. (usu numbered) division of a book
- chart n. detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showing coasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etc
- chemical adj. of or relating to chemistry
- circumstance n. condition or fact connected with an event or action
- cite v. commend
- civil adj. of or relating to the citizens of a country
- clarify v. (cause sth to) become clear or easier to understand
- classic adj. having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned; of lasting value and importance
- clause n. group of words that includes a subject1(4a) and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence
- code n. (system of) words, letters, symbols, etc that represent others, used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information briefly
- coherent adj. connected logically or consistent; easy to understand; clear
- coincide v. (of events) occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth else
- collapse v. fall down or in suddenly
- colleague n. person with whom one works, esp in a profession or business
- commence v. begin (sth); start
- comment n. written or spoken remark giving an opinion on, explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, a situation, etc)
- commission n. action, task or piece of work given to sb to do
- commit v. do (sth illegal, wrong or foolish)
- commodity n. thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the home
- communicate v. sth make sth known; convey sth
- community n. the community the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole
- compatible adj. (of people, ideas, arguments, principles, etc) suited; that can exist together
- compensate v. for sth give (sb) sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury, etc.
- compile v. sth (for/from sth) collect (information) and arrange it in a book, list, report, etc
- complement n. thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makes it complete
- complex adj. made up of (usu several) closely connected parts
- component n. any of the parts of which sth is made
- compound n. thing made up of two or more separate things combined together
- comprehensive adj. that includes everything
- comprise v. have as parts or members; be made up of
- compute v. sth calculate sth with a computer
- conceive v. become pregnant
- concentrate v. (sth) (on sth/doing sth) focus (one's attention, effort, etc) exclusively and intensely on sth, not thinking about other less important things
- concept n. idea underlying sth; general notion
- conclude v. (with sth) (usu fml ) come or bring (sth) to an end
- concurrent adj. existing, happening or done at the same time
- conduct n. person's behaviour
- confer v. (with sb) (on/about sth) have discussions (esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)
- confine v. sb/sth keep (a person or an animal) in a restricted space
- confirm v. provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (a report, an opinion, etc); establish the truth of
- conflict n. struggle; fight
- conform v. keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)
- consent v. give agreement or permission
- consequent adj. (fml ) following sth as a result or an effect
- considerable adj. great in amount or size
- consist v. consist of sth be composed or made up of sth
- constant adj. going on all the time; happening again and again
- constitute v. (fml ) make up or form (a whole); be the components of
- constrain v. make (sb) do sth by strong (moral) persuasion or by force
- construct v. build (sth); put or fit together; form
- consult v. sb/sth go to (a person, book, etc) for information, advice, etc
- consume v. use (sth) up
- contact n. state of touching (used esp with the vs shown)
- contemporary adj. of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same time
- context writings preceding and following passage quoted
- contract n. (for sth/to do sth) legally binding agreement, usu in writing
- contradict v. say sth that conflicts with by (sb), suggesting that the person is mistaken or not telling the truth
- contrary adj. opposite in nature, tendency or direction
- contrast v. A and/with B compare so that differences are made clear
- contribute v. (to/towards sth) give one's share of (money, help, advice, etc) to help a joint cause
- controversy n. public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about sth which many people disagree with
- convene v. summon to come together; arrange (a meeting, etc)
- converse v. (about sth); (together) (fml ) talk
- convert v. (sth) (from sth) (into/to sth) change (sth) from one form or use to another
- convince v. sb make sb feel certain; cause sb to realize
- cooperate v. work or act together
- coordinate vt. to organize or integrate (diverse elements) in a harmonious operation
- core n. centre of such fruits as the apple and pear, containing the seeds
- corporate adj. of or shared by all the members of a group; collective
- correspond v. be in agreement; not contradict sth or each other
- couple n. two people or things that are seen together or associated, esp a man and woman together
- create v. cause to exist; make (sth new or original)
- credit n. permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received; system of paying in this way
- criteria n. (pl of criterion) standard by which sth is judged
- crucial adj. very important; decisive
- culture n. refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc
- currency n. money system in use in a country
- cycle n. series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order
- data n. facts or information used in deciding or discussing sth
- debate n. formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a public meeting or in Parliament, with two or more opposing speakers, and often ending in a vote
- decade n. period of ten years
- decline v. say `no' to (sth); refuse (sth offered), usu politely
- deduce v. sth arrive at (facts, a theory, etc) by reasoning; infer sth
- define v. sth state precisely the meaning of (eg words)
- definite adj. clear; not doubtful
- demonstrate v. sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence
- denote v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth); refer to
- deny v. say that (sth) is not true
- depress v. make sad and without enthusiasm
- derive v. sth from sth obtain sth from sth; get sth from sth
- design n. (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be made
- despite prep. without being affected by
- detect v. discover or recognize that (sth) is present
- deviate v. from sth stop following
- device n. thing made or adapted for a special purpose
- devote v. oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth; dedicate ;
- differentiat v. between A and B; A (from B) see or show (two things) to be different;
- dimension n. measurement of any sort
- diminish v. become smaller or less; decrease
- discrete adj. separate; distinct
- discriminate v. A from B see or make a difference (between two things)
- displace v. move from the usual or correct place
- display v. sth put sth on show
- dispose v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrange
- distinct adj. easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite
- distort v. pull or twist out of its usual shape
- distribute v. sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing
- diverse adj. of different kinds; varied
- document n. paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth, evidence or proof of sth
- domain n. lands owned or ruled by a nobleman, government, etc
- domestic adj. of the home, household or family
- dominate v. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)
- draft n. rough preliminary written version of sth
- drama n. play for the theatre, radio or TV
- duration n. time during which sth lasts or continues
- dynamic adj. of power or forces that produce movement